Plasticizers are a class of chemicals widely used in plastic products to improve their flexibility, ductility, and processability. They increase the plasticity of the plastic and reduce its brittleness, making it easier to bend, stretch, and mold.

Phosphorus-based (Phosphate esters) flame retardants can be categorized into two types based on their working methods: reactive and additive.

Inorganic phosphorus-based flame retardants primarily include red phosphorus, ammonium polyphosphate, and phosphate salts. Red phosphorus, in particular, is a widely used flame retardant known for its …

The phosphate ions in the tributyl phosphate molecule can combine with hydroxyl groups, amino groups, and other active groups in the surfactant molecules, forming a hydrophobic film at the hydrophilic end of the surfactant molecules.

Air-detraining agents are chemical compounds designed to reduce the presence of air in concrete mixes. They are extensively used in the production of high-density concrete, particularly in situations where radiation is present and high-strength concrete is required.